On average, how long does it take for a driver to react to a hazard before applying the brakes?

The time it generally takes for a driver to react to a hazard before applying the brakes is approximately 1.5 seconds. This reaction time encompasses the mental processes involved in recognizing a hazard and deciding to take action, followed by the physical action of braking.

In realistic driving scenarios, while reaction times can vary depending on a driver's experience, attentiveness, and external conditions, studies and safety data often support the 1.5-second benchmark as an average for typical drivers. This figure takes into account the delay from perception to decision-making and then executing the response. By understanding this time frame, drivers can better estimate stopping distances and improve their safety on the road.

It's important to remember that shorter or longer reaction times can occur, but 1.5 seconds provides a useful baseline for planning and anticipating stop distances in various traffic conditions.